Library Listing
*animation w/ audio
Instruments
1. psig_vib: psi gauge with an oscillating value
2. flowmtr4: 200 gpm flow meter dial
3. hydrmter: hydrometer floating into a graduated cylinder
4. RotamtrF: 160 SCFM rotameter
5. deadwght: Shows how a deadweight tester uses mechanical
weights to calibrate pressure gauges.
6. dialcalb: Using a pulse generator to calibrate a flow meter
dial.
7. elbwturb: The effect of turbulence created by an elbow on
the readings of flow meters.
8. myronL: Older model MyronL style conductivity meter.
9. myronLCl: Animation showing the use of calibration
solutions appropriate to each range of a conductivity meter.
10. pH_MtrGr: A graphical representation why a pH meter is
first zero'd with a neutral zolution then the proportionality gain is set.
11. scd: A streaming current detector measures the charge of
passing suspended solids.
12. spctpink: A spectrophotometer measuring passage through a
sample of a specific wavelength.
13. turbid: Demonstration of measuring the scattered light from
a turbid sample.
14. valvTurb: The effect of placing a pressure gauge
immediately after a throttled valve is demonstrated.
15. CondMtrS: A low range conductivity meter.
Chemistry
1. ar2_atom: Argon atom showing the 2-8-8 electron orbit
pattern.
2. mlculBnc: Suspended particle bouncing off water molecules
3. coag_al: Coagulation of suspended particles by aluminum with
increased rate of settling.
4. evaporat: Salt left in beaker upon evaporation of the
water.
5. f2_atom: Using fluorine as an example of an oxidizing atom
taking an electron.
6. h_atom3: Close-up of hydrogen atom
7. h_prolif: A beaker of hydrogen ions shows the relationship
between pH and H+ ion quantity.
*8. he_atom: Close-up of two electrons in helium moving around
its nucleus (with sound).
9. ppm: Breaks down mathematical relationship between a
concentration as ppm versus mg/L.
10. suspend2: The settling of suspended solids in a beaker
over time.
11. C_chain: Long chain of carbon atoms in a polymer.
12. carbhydr: The equilibrium of calcium carbonate scale on a
CA membrane resulting in hydrolysis.
13. ctadgrad: Degradation of cellulose acetate by hydrolysis.
14. hydrate: The dissolution of sodium chloride in water.
15. salt: Dissolution of a calcium carbonate salt crystal.
16. alk_fat: Making soap; the breakup of fat into soluble
surfactants and glycerine.
17. citric: The chelation of iron by citric acid.
18. Fe_Reduc: Adding a reducing agent to an acidic cleaning
solution will improve its ability to remove iron.
19. Na_edta: Showing the four chelating functional groups of
ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
Water
1. centpmp2: Spinning multi-stage centrifugal pump.
2. filter: Once-through filtration using a membrane.
3. filtr_dp3: Increasing pressure drop across a filter until
collapse of the filter.
4. diffuse: Diffusion through a membrane.
5. engrcv2: Energy recovery using a turbine device on seawater
concentrate stream.
6. fltpore: High local water velocity as water passes through a
filter pore with pore fouling.
7. storage2: Dropping level in a storage tank.
8. degasifr: Forced-draft degassifier with level switches and
transfer pump
9. flow: Water movement in a pipe.
10. psi_box: Illustration of pressure using molecules in a
clear box.
11. psi_cyln: Illustration of absolute and gauge pressure
using a cylinder of water.
Reverse Osmosis
1. channel: Plugging of flow channels causing additional
fouling.
2. compres2: Compression of the lead end RO elements when the
high pressure pump starts.
3. crosboun: Crossflow of water across membrane surface with a
boundary layer at the surface.
4. drain: the draining of an RO system on shutdown due to a
vacuum created by the concentrate outlet location.
5. flux: illustration of the permeate flux rate through a membrane
section
6. housing2: Flow paths within the membrane elements located
in a housing.
7. iron_cat: Iron particles acts a catalyst to increase the
oxidation potential of free chlorine and attack the membrane.
8. permstg4: A permeate-stage RO system showing the flow
paths.
9. platfrm3: Expansion of a plate-and-frame RO system showing
the flow paths.
10. recovery: Representation of water becoming more concentrated as permeate is removed
through membrane.
11. relpores: Expanding relationship between RO, UF, and
submicron pore sizing.
12. spirlmak: The manufacturing of a spiral wound membrane
element.
13. sprlcut2: A cross-sectional view of the flow paths within
a spiral wound membrane element.
14. stage: The internal flow patterns in a 3-2 spiral wound
membrane element array.
15. tubular: Flow paths within a tubular membrane element
configuration.
16. brinesl2: Element brine seal flares against wall of
housing with stagnant area behind it.
17. concrecyc: Animated illustration of concentrate recycle in
an RO system.
18. fluxprop: Illustration of relationship between RO permeate
flux, net driving pressure, temperature, and membrane fouling rate.
19. multiprt: Flow illustratiion in directly coupled membrane
housings.
20. orifice: Flow through a concentrate stream control orifice
plumbed in parallel with a throttle valve.
21. oringbrk: An O-ring break caused by movement of the
lead-end element in a membrane housing.
22. recycle: Concentrate recycle with a 3-2 RO array.
23. rejdngrf: Moving graph of %salt rejection against time
with downward trend.
24. ro_schm: Zeroing in on the different valves used in a
typical RO system.
25. startup: Using an automatic valve in parallel with the
concentrate throttle valve used to reduce recovery prior to a shutdown.
26. telescop: The longitudinal telescoping of a spiral wound
membrane element.
27. vacuum: Vacuum being pulled on a membrane housing by the
concentrate line, then broken by a vacuum breaker.
28. valv_psi: Illustration of how pressures vary throughout an
RO system.
*29. blackbox: Emphasizes that salt rejection, normalized
permeate flow and pressure drop are the keys to unlocking the mystery of RO.
30. ion_flow: The increasing concentration of various ions is
shown in a 2-1 RO array with slight passage of monovalent ions.
31. normgrph: Progressive graph showing loss of normalized
permeate flow rate due to fouling until the point where the RO should be cleaned.
32. array3_2: The filling of a 3-2 RO array.
33. clnPmPsi: The disadvantage of cleaning at high pressure.
34. ClnSkid: Methods for mixing a granular chemical in a
cleaning skid.
35. compact: The compaction of suspended solids on a membrane
surface.
36. DebSwtch: The rearrangement of elements within a membrane
housing in order to remove debris.
37. matrixFl: Using an alkaline solution to break up
biological foulants from a complex foulant matrix.
38. matrx2St: An acidic solution removes metal components of a
foulant matrix which improves the cleaning of the second step alkaline solution.
39. MemStrip: The gradual removal of scale and other foulants
from a fouled strip of membrane.
40. NormPrm2: Establishing a clean baseline performance after
startup for use in setting future cleaning limits.
41. Normpsid: Graph of normalized pressure drop against time
as a means of determining when to clean the RO system.
42. NPAcidFX: The graphical demonstration of the effect that
strong acids have on PA thin-film membrane performance.
43. NPAlkFX: The graphical demonstration of the effect that
strong bases have on PA thin-film membrane performance.
44. RO_Bio: Biological activity in an RO system downstream of
the point of chlorine removal.
Ion Exchange
1. CatExost: Exhaustion of an acid-regenerated cation exchange
unit demonstrating change in effluent pH.
2. Displace: Exhaustion layers of a strong-base anion resin bed, caustic regenerated
3. CDisplac: Exhaustion layers of a strong-acid cation resin
bed, acid regenerated
4. divinyl: Chemical crosslinking if styrene and divinylbenzene
5. macrofol: Macroporous resin bead removing organic materials
which elude during hydroxide regeneration.
6. Mg_Shed: Close-up displacement of magnesium by calcium in a
softening resin.
7. MixdRemv: Close-up removal of cations and anions with the
subsequent formation of water.
8. portalm: Resin bed portal showing the lifting of resin beads
during backwash.
9. portmixd: Mixed bed resin interface portal during air mix
and settle regeneration steps.
10. reznBeak: Demonstration of ion equilibriums with ion
exchange resin within a beaker of water.
11. RstvGrph: A graph showing shedding of boron and silica
from a mixed bed prior to resistivity decline.
12. rznbnFs: Resin bead boundary layer having minimal effect
due to high flow rates in a mixed bed resin.
13. rznbndry: Insufficient flow rate boundary layer effect
with a mixed bed resin.
14. rznPolym: Batch method of resin bead polymerization.
15. SingRemv: Close-up view of the equilibrium limits placed
on the removal of cations by a single bed cation unit.
16. SiOPoly: As an anion-limited mixed approaches exhaustion,
acidic conditions can create colloidal silica.
17. Strg_Eff: Close-up demonstration of advantage to using
weak-acid resin upstream of strong-acid cation resin.
EDR & EDI
1. anionMem: Movement on anions through an anion
membrane sheet.
2. BackDif2: Diffusion of ions back into the product water chamber driven by a high concentration.
3. cationMem: Movement of cations through a cation membrane sheet.
4. ChristSpiralEDI: Ion and charge movement through a Christ spiral EDI.
5. EDI_Cell: Ion movement and water splitting within an EDI.
6. EDI_pH_polarize: Charge polarization within an EDI in removing silica and boron.
7. EDIthickCell: Flow movement in a thick cell EDI.
8. EDR_Cell: Ion movement in an EDR cell.
9. EDR_Flow: EDR: expanded stack showing chamber flow paths.
10. EDR_gasSep: Operation of an EDR gas separation device.
11 EDR_organicReversal Fouling by organicsin an EDR and their removal via charge reversal.
12. electrlysis: Water splitting occurring in electrolysis in creating ion movement.
13. PowerCalcs: Simple review of power relationship with current, voltage, and resistance.
14. EDI_Scale: Hydroxides from water splitting causing CaCO3 scale at anion membrane sheet.
Boiler Water
1. Amninjct: Schematic of a longer steam line with primary
amine injection at the condensate extraction pump back to the boiler and and through its
distribution loop with a secondary injection point.
2. boilMech: Shows heat transfer into a steam tube as scale
forms on its internal surface.
3. chelate: Carboxyl functional groups of citric acid act as a
claw to sequester iron.
4. condacid: Dissolved carbon dioxide acts like an acid to
dissolve condensate tube walls.
5. condense: Condensation of steam into liquid water in a
condenser driven by cooling water.
6. CuNH3: Attack of copper tubing by ammonia.
7. deaerate: Steam-driven deaeration followed by injection of
an oxygen scavenger.
8. filmamne: Filming amines protect metal surfaces from acid
attack but can ball up in high condensate return systems .
9. goingout: Balance between the lower concentration salts
entering a boiler its makeup water and the higher concentration of salts exiting the
boiler in the smaller blowdown stream.
10. hydrzine: Reaction between hydrazine and oxygen at lower
temperature and the decomposition of hydrazine into ammonia at higher temperature.
11. locomotv: Expansion of steam driving a piston within a
steam locomotive.
12. magntite: Formation of iron oxide on a tube surface due to
the presence of dissolved oxygen and the conversion of the iron oxide to a protective
layer of magnetite caused by hydrazine.
13. molecul: Molecular view of water molecules agitated by heat
and evaporating leaving behind an increased concentration of calcium sulfate, which begins
to form a scale crystal.
14. mrphline: Reaction of morpholine with dissolved oxygen and
the resulting formation of organic acids.
15. O2Pitting: Presence of scale on a boiler surface results
in an uneven oxide surface, which subsequently causes the formation of an electrolytic
cell when oxygen is present that then causes pitting.
16. oncethru: Scale formation and corrosion deposits in a
once-through boiler.
17. OTSG: Operation of a Once-Through Steam Generator operating
off the exhaust steam from a turbine.
18. oxide: Protective oxide formation when operating a boiler
system correctly in an oxidative environment.
19. redox: Alternating between a reductive environment created
using hydrazine and an oxidative environment when increased oxygen concentrations are
present.
20. ScalDwn2: Formation and movement of scale into the blowdown
stream in a recirculating boiler.
21. turbine: View of the fin movement of a steam driven power
generation unit.
22. water_go: Molelcular view of water boiling off from the
liquid to steam phases.
23. watrtube: Flow streams in a watertube boiler.